Secession and War
In early 1991, the Slovene and Croatian assemblies called for secession from Yugoslavia. There were increasingly frequent clashes between Croatian armed police and Serbian police reservists and paramilitary.

Bosnia’s Ethnic Cleansing
With the Damocles’ sword of a spillover of the Croatian conflict hanging over them, and in the hope that Bosnia’s secession might yet allow the preventive deployment of peacekeepers, Bosnia’s leaders applied to the European Community for recognition in December 1991.

Humanitarian Intervention
By early 1993, the humanitarian crisis in Bosnia & Herzegovina was terrifying. Over half its population were refugees, either inside or outside the country.

A Shaky Peace
While publicly supporting the European initiatives for a settlement, the U.S. pursued a two-track policy from autumn 1993, seeking to broker a separate Muslim-Croat peace.

Crisis in Kosovo
Although the “Albanian Question” has haunted the Balkans since the nineteenth century, the present phase of conflict in Kosovo started in 1989, when Serbia’s President Milosevic stripped Kosovo of its autonomy.

Macedonia’s Albanians
Unlike their chiefly reactive responses to the conflicts in Croatia, Bosnia and Kosovo, the U.S. and EU tried a proactive strategy in Macedonia.