| Region/ Country |
Policy |
Result |
| Balkans general |
Crisis by crisis management. |
Conflict continued and spread to other areas. |
| Croatia |
UN Protected Areas (UNPAS) in Serbian majority areas of Croatia with mandate to demilitarize them. |
Serbian Diaspora support from Bosnia prevented demilitarization. |
| Bosnia |
No mandate for UN troops stationed in Bosnia to prevent the spillover of conflict from Croatia
Safe havens for isolated Muslim enclaves. |
Four years of war.
Srebrenica massacre. |
| Kosovo |
Negotiations for NATO protectorate in Kosovo through talks at Rambouillet |
NATO air war against Serbia. |
| Serbia |
The Kosovo Force (KFOR) to nip spillover of conflict to the Presevo valley of Serbia by creating a buffer zone along the Kosovo border with the valley. |
Presevo valley being reintegrated into Serbia |
| Macedonia |
NATO and KFOR cooperation to bring Albanian guerillas to lay down arms and negotiate peace. |
Peace agreement and partial demilitarization. |
| Lesson Learned |
Local crisis management only works when synchronized with regional crisis management. |
|
| Region/ Country |
Peace Agreement |
Result |
| Balkans general |
Conflict by conflict agreements based on the separation of forces. |
Mixed. |
| Croatia |
UN to demilitarize UN Protected Areas but no roadmap on reintegration. |
Forcible reintegration accompanied by ethnic cleansing. |
| Bosnia |
Two separate entities created under loose joint presidency with NATO led stabilization, UN police and partial international administration. |
Simmering peace, de facto partition, no exit in view. |
| Kosovo |
NATO protectorate, UN trusteeship, province's future status to be determined. |
Simmering peace, spillover of conflict to Macedonia. |
| Macedonia |
NATO supervised demilitarization of guerrillas, municipal devolution and Albanian minority rights. |
Partial demilitarization, progress on devolution and minority rights. |
| Lesson Learned |
Separation of forces agreements work to the extent they are combined with nation-building. |
|
| Region/ Country |
International Involvement |
Result |
| Balkans general |
UN, NATO, EU, OSCE, International Financial Organizations, international aid agencies, refugee and migration agencies. |
Dissipation of responsibilities. |
| Bosnia |
NATO security force, UN, EU and international organizations to work with two entity governments on reconstruction and stabilization. |
Overall security but returning refugees attacked, weak economy, no reintegration. |
| Kosovo |
NATO security force, UN trusteeship (UNMIK) to build institutions for self-rule. |
Scant resources, no reintegration. |
| Macedonia |
OSCE led municipal training, NATO and EU aided police and border management. |
Too early to say. |
| Serbia |
U.S. and EU support for civil society and opposition parties, EU and OSCE municipal twinning programs. |
Mixed - democrats in power but powerful criminal elements still in security apparatus. |
| Lesson Learned |
Stability and economic recovery difficult without putting civil administration and rule of law on fast track. |
|
| Region/ country |
Programs |
Result |
| Bosnia |
OSCE supervised elections, basic infrastructure reconstruction, IMF and World Bank supervised transition to market economy, UN led task force to monitor local police, Council of Europe and The Hague supervised judicial reform. |
Nationalists' hold gradually weakened, criminal hold on economy and local security continued, corruption spread. |
| Kosovo |
UNMIK led Kosovar interim advisory council for constitution and elections, OSCE police training and municipal development. |
New provincial assembly barely functioning, nationalists still strong in police. |
| Macedonia |
Direct NATO and EU support and aid for existing government to reform security and minority rights provisions. |
Gradual implementation of reforms, return of social democrats. |
| Lesson Learned |
Focus on political nation building needs to go hand in hand with focus on administration, taking local capacity as baseline. |
|
